Serum serial number list
Anhydrous creatinine was from Sigma Aldrich (St. Isotopically labeled ricinine was provided by LGC Standards (Borås, Sweden). Ricinine (1,2-dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyridinecarbonitrile, >98%, CAS number 524-40-3) was purchased from Latoxan (Valence, France). Experimental Chemicals, reagents and equipment Therefore, it was not possible to estimate the exposed ricin dosage. Unfortunately, no remains of the castor bean extract were available for analysis, and the amounts injected and ingested were not known. Acetone is often used to remove castor oil from the beans prior to ricin extraction, and therefore, residual solvent in the extract is common ( 15). A puncture mark was seen in his left arm and he had an odor of acetone from his mouth. The patient stated that the castor bean extract was both injected and ingested. More details from the case history are given by Heyerdahl et al. The situation gradually deteriorated, and despite intensive medical care, the man died of circulatory collapse and progressing multiple organ failure 42 h after intoxication. One hour later, he vomited, had diarrhea and progressive generalized pain. Case HistoryĪ 21-year-old man was brought to the hospital approximately 4 h after having deliberately intoxicated himself with a castor bean extract. Ricinine levels in human serum after ricin intoxication are reported for the first time. The analyte was isolated from the samples by SPE by using a hydrophilic lipophilic balanced (HLB) column and quantitatively determined by isotope dilution LC–MS.
#Serum serial number list serial#
This study reports serial ricinine levels in the serum and urine from a hospitalized patient suffering from ricin intoxication, collected 10–35 and 12–41 h after exposure, respectively. Moreover, two cases are described in which ricin exposure to dogs was confirmed by the determination of ricinine ( 18, 19). Since then, ricinine has been determined in urine and blood from a person who committed suicide by intentional ricin exposure ( 15), and in urine from patients with non-life-threatening symptoms ( 16, 17). The developed method was applied for the determination of ricinine in urine from a person who had committed suicide by ricin intoxication. reported a method for the trace level determination of ricinine in urine using solid-phase extraction (SPE) in combination with LC–MS ( 6). first proposed ricinine as a marker for the complementary identification of ricin in unknown extracts ( 7).
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Ricinine is a small molecule (MW: 164) that is easily extracted from clinical samples and well suited for determination by liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The difficulties associated with ricin determination in body fluids make the detection of ricinine a useful alternative for the confirmation of ricin intoxication.
![serum serial number list serum serial number list](https://ezsite.s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/7c20a762d57be7922fcd29b36016.jpg)
Animal experiments have shown that the toxin is rapidly absorbed in the body ( 10, 11), and only three studies have detected ricin in urine or plasma from intoxicated patients ( 12–14).
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The identification of ricin in clinical samples has typically been performed by immunologically based methods ( 3, 8, 9). There are many suspected and some confirmed reports of ricin intoxication a summary of real cases in human and veterinary medicine was recently published by Worbs et al. The structural formula of ricinine is also shown. In this work, ricinine is utilized as a biomarker for the confirmation of assumed intentional ricin intoxication.ĮICs ( + ± 5 mDa) from LC–ESI-MS determination in a serum sample extract: ricinine, 27 ng/mL (A) IS, 98 ng/mL (B). Hence the compound has been described as a biomarker for ricin exposure ( 6, 7). The castor bean plant is the only known natural source of ricinine, and the alkaloid is co-extracted with ricin from the seeds of the plant. Also present in castor seeds is an alkaloid called ricinine (Figure 1) with reported amounts of 0.3–0.8% by weight ( 6). Castor oil is used in lubricants, polymers and coatings ( 5) and is administered as a purgative in medicine ( 2). The castor bean plant is cultivated both as an ornamental plant and for its seeds, which contain up to 60% by weight castor oil ( 4). The toxin is found in the castor bean plant ( Ricinus communis), with the highest amounts (1–5% by weight) in the seeds ( 1). The fatal dose of ricin in humans is thought to be 5–10 µg/kg by injection ( 1), whereas ingestion has an LD 50 in the order of 1–20 mg/kg ( 2, 3). Ricin is a naturally occurring protein toxin that is among the deadliest poisons available.